Early medieval medical theory of the emotions concentrated on theGalenic ideas of the humors and the system of the spirits, thevitalizing spirits in the heart and the psychic spirits in the nervesand the brain. This position is defended by Jenefer Robinson (1995, 2004, 2005). For Prinz, as for James, the emotion is the mental state that is caused by the feedback from the body. When understood as a state (like being angry or afraid), an emotion is a type of mental state that interacts with other mental states and causes certain behaviors. We can be at the heights of joy or in the depths of despair. The later part of the emotion process is a bodily response, for example, changes in heart rate, skin conductance, and facial expression. Yelling at the umpire would have been another role the player could have adopted. As an illustration of this, let us say that Bill’s brother-in-law has just offered to let him in on a risky, but possibly lucrative business venture. Evolutionary psychology and the emotions. This empirical research has made theorizing about the emotions an interesting challenge. The major theories of motivation can be grouped into three main categories: physiological, neurological, and cognitive. Each emotion type takes the values that its placement in the chart indicates. The judgments related to emotions are, as Solomon says, “self-involved and relatively intense evaluative judgments … The judgments and objects that constitute our emotions are those which are especially important to us, meaningful to us, concerning matters in which we have invested our Selves” (1993, p. 127). The idea of emotions as transitory social roles is distinct from the notion of a syndrome, but characterizes the same phenomena, in particular, the eliciting conditions and the responses for an emotion. Nussbaum has a similar, but more detailed, description of anger as the following set of beliefs: “that there has been some damage to me or to something or someone close to me; that the damage is not trivial but significant; that it was done by someone; that it was done willingly; that it would be right for the perpetrator of the damage to be punished” (2004, p. 188). See an example of this in the song, Fearing. Theories of Emotion Regulation. Cannon-Bard Theory 3. Mauss and her colleagues found that strategies could reduce negative emotions, which in turn should increase psychological health (Mauss, Cook, Cheng, & Gross, 2007; Mauss, Cook, & Gross, 2007; Shallcross, Troy, Boland, & Mauss, 2010; Troy, Shallcross, & Mauss, 2013; Troy, Wilhelm, Shallcross, & Mauss, 2010). Two other prominent views arise from the work of Robert Zajonc and Joseph LeDoux. Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. She acknowledges that in some cases, an emotion might be caused by cognitive activity, but this is explained as cognitive activity that precedes the non-cognitive emotion process. In T. Dalgleish & M. J. Scherer, K. R. (2001). Griffiths also points out that the affect programs (recall that, in Griffiths’ parlance, affect program refers to the whole system) have several of the features that Fodor (1983) identified for modular processes. For example, one person may respond to being laid-off from a job with anger, while another person responds with joy—it depends on how the individual evaluates this event. 69.) Further research is needed in these areas to better understand patterns of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation (Aldao & Dixon-Gordon, 2014). LeDoux also views some emotions as requiring no cognition: some emotions completely bypass contextual interpretation. This is a claim for which there is some evidence, although except for facial expressions, the current evidence is not very strong (see Ekman, 1999; Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990; Prinz, 2004b). Although the time period during which this selection is believed to have occurred is typically not specified with any precision, the general period begins after the human lineage diverged from that of the great apes, 5 to 8 million years ago, and continues through the appearance of Homo sapiens, which was at least 150,000 years ago (Wood & Collard, 1999; Wood, 1996). The emotions that appear in humans are more complex than what are found in lower species, “but the basic functional patterns remain invariant in all animals, up to and including humans” (1980, p. 130). Averill, J. R. (1993). The following are some of the features that distinguish emotion from moods. This section will review the way in which Ekman and Griffiths describe the non-cognitive process. Evolutionary theories attempt to provide an historical analysis of the emotions, usually with a special interest in explaining why humans today have the emotions that they do. Criteria for emotion-antecedent appraisal: A review. After about three decades of interdisciplinary research, Barrett argued that we do not understand emotions. The automatic appraisal mechanism is able to detect certain stimuli, which Ekman calls elicitors. Fundamental feelings. As Dacher Keltner et al. In chapter 7 you learned that concepts are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. The dimensional theoriesfocus on describing emotions as a continuum rather than in terms of all or nothing. The evolutionary approach focuses on the historical setting in which emotions developed. Thus, you can construct two different emotions from the same physiological sensations. While these theories acknowledge that in many cases various bodily responses will accompany the emotion, many do not consider the bodily response an integral part of the emotion process. Nonetheless, the central claim made in these theories is that the social influence is so significant that emotions are best understood from this perspective. 2. ï§ Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli James-Lange Theory of Emotion Fear (emotion) Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) In this case, Prinz says that the bodily changes that occur in response to perceiving a snake can be explained as an adaptation. Some brief examples to show how these ideas have been developed are also reviewed. As Solomon says, “by ‘judgment’, I do not necessarily mean ‘deliberative judgment’ … One might call such judgments ‘spontaneous’ as long as ‘spontaneity’ isn’t confused with ‘passivity'” (1977, p. 46). Illusions of anger. Typically, the goal is to explain why emotions are present in humans today by referring to natural selection that occurred some time in the past. Some examples are: anger and disgust mixing to form contempt; fear and sadness mixing to form despair; and with regard to levels of intensity, annoyance is a milder form of anger, which is itself a milder form of rage. The thesis of constructionism. Alternatively, maladaptive AERs may be critical for maintaining some psychological disorders (Hopp, Troy, & Mauss, 2011). Could have adopted signal use to either continue or discontinue a particular action analyzed from many different perspectives during transactions—many. Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity change over generational time ” ( Griffiths 1997! Comprehensive review of this in the chapter that covers psychological disorders ( Hopp, Troy, & Johnstone! 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