The above experiments are of considerable value as the foxes could be trained and kept over an extended period of time where their behaviour is closely observed, unlike humans who cannot be kept in such environments. L. (2005). One of the major debates in psychology has long centered over the relative contributions of nature versus nurture. However, positive correlations between real life situations can be drawn, highlighting that laboratory studies are considerably useful. It is essentially an exaggerated startle response and is often seen in trauma survivors. Children and youth growing up all around the world are resorting to violence on a daily basis. The opposite of LTP is long-term depression (LTD), which produces a long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength. The controlled conditioned group of the children were allowed to immediately play with the toys. Biology is subdivided into separate branches for convenience of study, though all the subdivisions are interrelated by basic principles. Twin studies provide geneticists with a kind of natural experiment in which the behavioral likeness of identical twins (whose genetic relatedness is 1.0) can be compared with the resemblance of dizygotic twins (whose genetic relatedness is 0.5). He also found that when parts of the hypothalamus were removed the sham rage disappeared, clearly demonstrating that the manipulation of the hypothalamus and cortex plays a role in the development of aggression. On the other hand, the children who were allowed to play immediately with the toys handled them carefully and played happily. A biological is a drug, such as a vaccine, that is derived from a living organism. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 59-73. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. Baron. Three ways in which this occurs include long-term potentiation, habituation, and sensitization. Biologicals, medicines made from living organisms and their products, must be pure and effective. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. Hillsdale, IL: Dryden Press. Much like observation of other’s behaviours, violent video games and television shows have also been proven to trigger aggression in children. According to Berkowitz (1975) aggression is any behaviour which causes intentional harm to another person. Genes influence our personality traits, our IQ, our likelihood of getting cancer, and even our chances of becoming an alcoholic. For instance, the problem of reduction is evident in Albert Bandura’s study of the Bobo doll whereby aggressive behaviour is reduced to the process of imitation. Company Registration No: 4964706. To be specific, Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment can be criticised on the grounds that the children’s aggression was measured away from their natural environment. The learning perspective’s social learning theory is a useful explanation for the aggressive behaviour of children. In Weiten (2007) text, the biological perspective belief that is referred to is that all psychological issues stem from a physiological background. October 26, 2013. July 24, 2015. Learning is defined as a process that leads to a relatively permanent change in behavior. Violent video games have a supplementary impact on young children and trigger aggressive behaviour more than violent television shows because they are more interactive, engaging the child in aggressive acts and ultimately rewarding them for acting aggressively within the game. When considering the learning perspective and environmental determinants of aggression in children there are key factors which play an essential role. This issue is worthy of investigation since aggression has become a substantial social problem amongst upcoming generations. A criticism of the social learning theory is also that it does not take into account the physical and mental changes which a child undergoes as they mature. So please use only one of these titles. Psychology Biological Predisposition. Biological factors which trigger aggressive behaviour in children are inheritance, where aggression may be passed from the parents to their offspring, as well as low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, and the activity of certain structures in the brain, that when manipulated may trigger aggressive behaviour. For instance, the role of the parent is paramount in using the biological factors of the child to mould the child and guide them through their development. Biological and Learning Psychology Order Instructions: This assignment mainly is based on the Adelaide Zoo in South Australia.. The significant outcome of this experiment was that the mice that had been bred for aggressive tendencies demonstrated immense levels of aggression; where they instantly attacked other mice sharing the same cage. Also, according to Glassman (2000) the level of aggression demonstrated is purely dependant on how frustrated one may be. ‘Adoption results for self-reported personality’. Therefore, to fully understand the origins of aggressive behaviour, both biological and environmental factors must be considered within their limited scope. Firstly, a theory proposed to support the theory of aggression from the learning perspective is the ‘frustration-aggression hypothesis’ which was proposed by John Dollard (1939). Biology includes the study of genes and cells that give living things their special characteristics. However, the learning perspective views aggression as being unrelated to genes, rather aggression is learnt. Children were the subject as they are less socially conditioned unlike adults. For example, an animal may be startled when it hears a loud noise, but if it is repeatedly exposed to loud noises and experiences no associated consequence, such as pain, it will eventually stop being startled. Biological definition, pertaining to the science and application of biology: the biological substrata; conducting biological tests. The learning perspective argues that aggressive behaviour is learnt through observation, and triggered by the surrounding environment and conditions. In this experiment Bandura examined the consequential actions of children observing an adult behaving aggressively with a Bobo doll. Approaches to Psyhcology (2nd ed.). He induced pain by placing the participant’s hands in cold or warm water while they distributed rewards and punishments to a partner. Japan and the U.S are two differing cultures; hence what is deemed as aggressive in Japan may not be aggressive in the U.S and vice versa. J. M and Newcorn. The children from both groups were later on asked to rate their level of aggression and reports from their teachers and peers were also taken into consideration. It is clear that innate biological factors may be present in a child; however the environment sets the limits on how to behave and deal with social influences that influence a child to act aggressively. Thus, it has overlooked other leading causes of the development of aggression including the children’s upbringing and home environment. Alarming news articles and reports focus on aggressive acts. The learning perspective also incorporates strengths and weaknesses. Despite the complexity of the science, certain unifying concepts consolidate it into a single, coherent field. Presumably, constant and excessive exposure to violent video games causes children to become desensitized to violence. This is not an example of the work produced by our Essay Writing Service. The biological perspective suggests that aggression in children is inherited through the traits of parents. Having considered the interpretations of the development of aggression in children from both the biological and learning perspective, and the criticisms which arise from the research conducted, it can be concluded that both the biological and learning perspectives contribute to the development of aggression in children. Aggression in children can also be learnt through the observation of frustrated people who surround them and frustration also triggers aggressive behaviour (Dollard 1939). Aggression from the biological perspective is seen as an innate behaviour which is genetically transferred from the parents to their offspring. Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a university student. Glassman, W. (2000). ‘Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation’. ‘Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models’. Fuller (1962) presented a biological perspective on motivation that enumerated biological needs and their psychological consequences, integrative needs, and innate and acquired drives. October 26, 2013. D.C (1994). Hence, it is difficult to compare the behaviour of these children whilst ignoring cultural factors. Dr. Craig A. Anderson, Ph.D. (2000) states, ‘This medium is potentially more dangerous than exposure to violent television and movies’. Because memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength, LTP is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory. During habituation, fewer neurotransmitters are released at the synapse. The biological perspective involves low ecological validity where most studies are conducted within laboratory conditions. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582. CC licensed content, Specific attribution, http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Sensitization, http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Habituation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_potentiation, http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neurotransmitter, http://cnx.org/contents/72cfcf6f-e196-4e0b-9bcf-45f4853993e4@5/How-Neurons-Communicate, http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@4.100:34/Psychology, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbian_theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)%23/media/File:General_Adaptation_Syndrome.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuronal_Synapse.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron_-_annotated.svg. Biologicals, medicines made from living organisms and their products, must be pure and effective. In a study conducted at the National Institute of Mental Health (Bethasda MD), a positive correlation was found between low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin and the levels of aggression in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Mitsis.E et al, 2000). Certain parts of the brain have been found to be responsible for the development of aggression in children. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. Correspondingly, the findings of all studies conducted cannot be generalised to all children. Habituation to stress: Habituation involves responding to stimuli and stress less over time—after our body’s initial natural resistance to the stimuli. Long-term potentiation is based on the principle that “cells that fire together, wire together,” and is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. For this reason it is not completely justified, because there are more determinants of aggressive behaviour. *You can also browse our support articles here >. There are many different forms of aggression which include verbal, physical and emotional behaviours that are apparent in some children. When you use the word biological, you're talking about life and living things. This investigation is an evaluation of the biological and learning perspectives of psychology accounting for the development of aggression in children. A biological is a drug, such as a vaccine, that is derived from a living organism. Biology & genetics teaching & learning resources by D G Mackean. Despite some similarity between humans and animals; there is still a large difference between them, therefore a direct link cannot be made between mice and children. Biology is defined as the study of life while psychology examines the human mind and its processes, especially those affecting behavior. Biological environment definition is - the natural biological factors (such as wild animals and plants or bacteria) that affect human life (as in a particular place or period). ‘Frustration and aggression: An experiment with young children’. Habituation is the “behavioral version” of sensory adaptation, with decreased behavioral responses over time to a repeated stimulus. Psychological Review 41:309-329 and 424-449. Similar to the biological perspective of explaining aggressive behaviour in children, it is reductionist. Thomson Wadsworth. This is one of the main weaknesses which the biological perspective incorporates. The observations of other’s behaviour as demonstrated by Albert Bandura (1961) as well as the frustration aggression hypothesis suggested by Dollard (1939) have been found to be considerable factors in the development of aggression. This twin study is clearly indicative of the inheritance of aggressive behaviour, yet it cannot be claimed that inheritance is the only key factor which causes aggressive behaviour or the tendency to be aggressive in children. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! In their study, children were shown a roomful of attractive toys which were kept out of their reach. It explains aggressive behaviour in terms of a characteristic which is being learnt although it does not deny the genetic endowment of aggressive behaviour. Mice species have differing logic and reasoning capacities as compared to humans, hence mice do not facilitate the opportunity to choose to be aggressive or not, whereas children have the capability of logically choosing to act aggressively. Psychology for the VCE Student (4th ed.). Evaluation of the biological perspective ix, Evaluation of the learning perspective xv. We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website, including to provide targeted advertising and track usage. Learn more. A novel theoretical framework that describes a possible rationale for the regularity in how we move, how we learn, and how our brain predicts events. It simplifies the occurrence of certain behaviours, especially aggression, into a few steps. It was found that those foxes which had been bred for over 30 years for domestic behaviour, showed no defensive reactions to humans because they had high levels of serotonin in various structures of the brain, compared to the foxes which had been bred without freedom (Popova et al, 1991). LTP is based on the Hebbian principle: “cells that fire together, wire together.” This principle attempts to explain associative learning, in which simultaneous activation of cells leads to pronounced increases in synaptic strength between those cells, and provides a biological basis for the pairing of stimulus and response in classical conditioning. Barker, R. Dembo,T, and Lewin K. (1941). Nevertheless, the learning perspective focuses on the environment and the condition in which a child is situated to produce an aggressive response. GCSE education materials, experiments, PowerPoint presentations, biological drawings, insect life-cycles, fish, birds, amphibia, amoeba, study & revision aids, Key stage 3-4 & IGCSE, and books However, the location of the experiments is not only a strength but also a potential weakness. Once they have been engaged in aggressive acts it impacts on the children emotionally, and as a consequence these children find it much easier and acceptable to engage in violence and aggressive acts. One certain structure of the brain cannot be the only factor which is responsible for the development of aggression in children, because most structures of the brain are connected and their influence or triggering of behaviour cannot therefore be based in one specific area. All work is written to order. Biological definition, pertaining to the science and application of biology: the biological substrata; conducting biological tests. For instance when a child is prevented from taking a course of action or possessing something it is most likely believed that the child will become aggressive; occurring as a result of being frustrated. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! In another study conducted by Russian researchers, silver foxes were studied. Current Psychiatry Reports Journal, Volume 2, Number 2, (1535-1645). Leonard Berkowitz (1989) investigated the effect of pain and discomfort on individuals to demonstrate their likelihood of acting aggressively. Plenum Publishing. The Animal I have chosen is SUMARTRAN TIGERS. Biological and Learning Psychology. Bandura’s (1961) most well known experiment was the Bobo doll experiment; the Bobo doll being a plastic clown doll. This perspective does not take into account how certain brain structures may trigger aggressive behaviour, in other words it does not take into account neurological processes, and rather it simply accounts for the influences of daily life and the environmental context which a person is brought up in. However, if such experiments are conducted in a more realistic manner, then the results would be more beneficial in terms of understanding how aggressive behaviour in children develops. Experiments conducted in the laboratory will most certainly produce different results then in real-life situations as participants will not demonstrate the exact same behaviour in real-life situations as they will under examination. Aggression remains a substantial problem today. A more realistic and accurate definition of Biology is the reductionist definition: Biology is the natural science that studies the no-spontaneous transfer of energy and the quasi-stable systems that experience it. They watched the video of the model constantly acting aggressively by sitting on the doll, punching it and kicking it repeatedly. Similar to Dollard’s findings (1939), it was observed from this conducted study that the children who were frustrated because they had to wait before being exposed to the toys, played aggressively with the toys by smashing and stomping on them. On the other hand, more efficient methods of demonstrating that aggression in children is an inherited behaviour is emphasised by other research methodologies such as twin studies. If a shock is given following the sound, then the next time the sound occurs, the individual will subsequently react even more strongly to the sound. Habituation occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change, punishment, or reward. A biological is a drug, such as a vaccine, that is derived from a living organism. If a child’s genes are inclined to be aggressive, the parent within the environment will attempt to nurture and accommodate for their child’s genes by attempting to provide a calm lifestyle. (2000). Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Popova N, Voitenko N, Kulikov A, Avgustinovich D (1991). Neural communication: This image shows the way two neurons communicate by the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon, across the synapse, and into the dendrite of another neuron. Habituation helps us to distinguish meaningful information from the background. OpenStax College, Psychology. However, according to Baron and Richardson (1994), the tendency to be aggressive is not passed on from the parents to the offspring; rather the temperament which is capable of making someone more or less aggressive can be inherited. However, a collective understanding and strong evaluation of both the biological and learning perspective has led to a stronger foundation of understanding childhood aggression. Definition of the Biological Perspective Charles Darwin first proposed the idea that genetics and evolution both contribute to many human qualities including personality. No plagiarism, guaranteed! In other words, if heredity (i.e., genetics) affects a given trait or behavior, then identical twins should show a greater similarity for that trait compared to fraternal (non-identical) twins.There are two types of twins: 1. Dollard, J. D. (1939). biological definition: 1. relating to the study of living things such as plants and animals: 2. using living things or…. For example, if a loud sound is suddenly heard, an individual may startle at that sound. See more. 1st Jan 1970 The biological approach of explaining aggressive behaviour in children is very scientific and is consequently regarded as reliable. A diagram of the General Adaptation Syndrome model.. Biological Learning The brain is perhaps the most complex organ, consisting of myriads of elementary units (neurons and synapses), and it is still the greatest challenge of science to understand how their collective functioning gives rise to meaningful, adaptive behaviour. The biological perspective tends to stress the importance of nature. Those who take up the nurture side of the debate suggest that it is the environment that plays the greatest role in shaping behavior. ‘Evidence for the involvement of central serotonin in mechanism of domestication of silver foxes’. ; 40:751-756. As the stimulus occurs over and over (and as long as it is not associated with any reward or punishment), we learn not to focus our attention on it. Bard,P. Mitsis, Effie M, Hampering. Bandura had other children watch a non aggressive model playing calmly with the Bobo doll. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 211-218, Bandura, A, Ross, D. and Ross, S.A (1961). The learning perspective suggests that children who play violent video games such as Doom, Wolfenstein 3D or Mortal Combat and others often experience aggressive behaviour, either physically or verbally. Upon this, the e-learning could be classified by this thesis to blended and online learning. The learning perspective does not incorporate any biological or cognitive processes which are also responsible for the development of aggression. A Biological Predisposition is an increased chance of developing a disease or pattern of behavior based on the genes we inherited from our parents (and our parents’ parents). Many theories have been driven by findings from research on animals, which highlight that there is some genetic aspect to aggression. Berkowitz, L. (1989). The learning perspective is established on the basis that although everyone is born with a genetic endowment which is the root of instinctual behaviours, the majority of behaviour is learnt from the environment. OpenStax College, How Neurons Communicate. Learning Objectives. Learn more. Parallels between humans and animals may be oversimplified, and therefore social, as well as learning processes, must also be taken into consideration. Children at different ages may respond to laboratory experiments in different ways. Another potential weakness is the fact that the children may have not been exposed to the Bobo doll previously, hence they did not know how to play with it. The Effectiveness of food-based enrichment on Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris) at Adelaide Zoo However, using animals to demonstrate the link between childhood aggression and biological factors is also beneficial. ‘Serotonin and aggression in children’. There are many ways in which aggression can be defined. Under biological needs he included oxygen, water, food, and the need for eliminating waste. In terms of the biological perspective, aggression is viewed as purely being based on biological basis. Arising from this experiment is the criticism of extrapolating results from animals to humans. New Haven CN: Yale University Press. Australia: John Wiley & Sons. Therefore, aggression in children, according to the biological perspective, is considered to be an innate behaviour. University of Iowa Studies in Child Welfare, 18, 1-314. Top Tag’s. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Similarly, there is always some sort of connection that can be drawn between animals and humans, therefore using animals can be a starting point to understanding the biological bases of aggression in children. Looking for a flexible role? Definition of biological adjective in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. In neural communication, a neurotransmitter is released from the axon of one neuron, crosses a synapse, and is then picked up by the dendrites of an adjacent neuron. See more. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. The mice can have their behaviours observed in a lab, unlike humans. 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